Review for exam 2:
Chapter 9: Carbohydrates
structures
(glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose) Ñ Fischer, Haworth projections
(chair conformation)
sugar
chemistry Ñ ring forms, mutarotation, glycosidic links, reducing sugars
disaccharides
& polysaccharides (know key ones)
analytical
methods
Chapters 10 & 24: nucleic acid
nucleotide
structures (know the 5 bases)
polynucleotides
DNA
structure (forces, characterisitics, forms)
Characteristics
of A, B, & Z forms
supercoiling
denaturation
& renaturation
DNA
packaging in genomes (nucleosomes)
central
dogma (DNA Ñ> RNA Ñ> polypeptide)
kinds
of RNA
Chapters 29: DNA manipulation
Vectors
& how to get them into cells
enzymes
used (restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases)
methods
(cloning, PCR, sequencing)
Chapters 11 & 12: Lipids
structures
of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids (head groups), sphingolipids,
sterols
characteristics
of biological membranes: bilayer structure, fluidity, asymmetry
membrane
proteins
analytical
methods