Review for exam 2:

Chapter 9: Carbohydrates

structures (glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose): Fischer, Haworth projections (chair conformation)

sugar chemistry: ring forms, mutarotation, glycosidic links, reducing sugars, derivatives (e.g. gluconate, glucuronate, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine)

disaccharides (maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose) & polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin)

analytical methods: know how to solve polysaccharide structures

Chapters 10 & 24: nucleic acid

nucleotide structures (know the 5 bases & how they pair)

polynucleotides (know how nucleotides are linked together)

DNA structure (forces, characteristics, forms)

Characteristics of A, B, & Z forms

supercoiling

denaturation & annealing (T_m)

DNA packaging in genomes (nucleosomes)

Chapters 29: DNA manipulation

Vectors & how to get them into cells

enzymes used (restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases)

methods (cloning, PCR, sequencing)

Chapters 11 & 12: Lipids

structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids (head groups), sphingolipids, sterols

characteristics of biological membranes: bilayer structure, fluidity, asymmetry

membrane proteins

analytical methods