Review for exam 2:

Chapter 7 (7.1-7.3, 7.5): Carbohydrates

structures (glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose): Fischer, Haworth projections (chair conformation)

sugar chemistry: ring forms, mutarotation, glycosidic links, reducing sugars, derivatives (e.g. gluconate, glucuronate, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine)

disaccharides (maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose)

polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin)

analytical methods: know how to solve polysaccharide structures

Chapters 8 (8.1-8.3) & 24: nucleic acid

nucleotide structures (know the 5 bases & how they pair)

polynucleotides (know how nucleotides are linked together)

DNA structure (forces, characteristics, forms)

Characteristics of A, B, & Z forms

supercoiling

denaturation & annealing (T_m)

DNA packaging in genomes (nucleosomes & histones)

Chapter 9 (9.1, 9.2): DNA manipulation

Vectors & how to get them into cells

enzymes used (restriction endonucleases, ligases, polymerases)

methods (cloning, PCR, sequencing)

Chapters 10 (10.1, 10.2, 10.4) & 11 (11.1-11.2, up to page 385): Lipids & membranes

structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids (head groups), sphingolipids, sterols

characteristics of biological membranes: bilayer structure, fluidity, asymmetry

membrane proteins

analytical methods

NOT on exam: deviations from uniformity