Review for Final Exam

The final is comprehensive.

~20% of the final will cover material from earlier in the semester (and thus, the same areas covered by the first 3 exams will be covered). This will tend to be major points, and not minor details, and will usually be directly tested in multiple choice and short answer questions. The remainder will cover material not yet tested, and this will be the subject of the larger problems. (Although in those problems I will assume you know and understand material from earlier in the semester knowledge is cumulative.) Everything in the textbook covered during this semester is fair game. Everything in my notes should be considered important.

The remainder will cover material not yet tested.
Everything in the textbook covered during this semester is fair game. Everything in my notes should be considered important.

Here are the essentials to know:

Bioenergetics & Metabolic Strategies

Free energy changes & equilibria

Use of ATP

Driving anabolism/production during catabolism
Group transfer

Redox reactions & the cofactors involved

NAD/NADP
Flavins

Organization & regulation of pathways in general

Cellular homeostasis

Glycolysis

KNOW every reaction:

enzyme

intermediates (substrate & products)

cofactor(s) involved

mechanisms (when discussed)

The logic & energetics of the pathway and how molecules flow through it

Additional reactions of fermentation

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen (starch) synthesis/breakdown

(Note: hormonal control of regulation will not be covered.)

TCA cycle

Cofactors and how they work:

Thiamine pyrophosphate
Lipoic acid
Coenzyme A
Biotin
NAD(P)
flavins

The pyruvate partition:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (mechanism)

Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

KNOW every reaction of the TCA cycle:

enzyme

intermediates (substrate & products)

cofactor(s) involved

mechanisms (when discussed)

The logic & energetics of the pathway and how molecules flow through it